科學家觀察到宇宙爆炸
來源：
小編： 148科學家觀察到宇宙爆炸
2005-2-23 環球教育論壇
Astronomers have detected the brightest explosion ever witnessed in the heavens. It was a flash of light from across our galaxy so powerful that it bounced off the Moon and illuminated Earth's upper atmosphere. Theresearchers say if the blast had occurred closer to Earth, it might have lead to the death of much of the planet's life.
天文學家探測到宇宙中有史以來最為明亮的一次爆炸。爆炸的亮光在銀河系一掃而過，光線如此明亮，以至于光從月球折射回來，把地球大氣層的外層都照亮了。研究人員說，假如爆炸距離地球更近的話，可能會造成我們這個星球上一半多的生物死亡。
The monstrous cosmic explosion took place late in December, observed by U.S. and European satellites and ground telescopes around the world. It was impossible to miss. It was brighter than a full moon for a fraction of a second, although it shone more brilliantly in high energy gamma rays than in the lower energy visible light.
這次巨大的宇宙爆炸是在去年12月底，由美國和歐洲的衛星以及世界各地的射電望遠鏡觀察到的。不容錯過，就在一瞬間，亮度比滿盤明月都要亮，但是這種光線是高能度的伽瑪射線，肉眼是看不到的。
Astrophysicist David Palmer of the U.S. government's Los Alamos National Laboratory says the amount of energy equaled 100,000 years worth of sunlight. "In other words, this was as much energy during that tenth of a second as all the other stars in the galaxy at that time, times over 1,000," he said.
大衛?帕爾默是美國洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室的天體物理學家，他表示這次爆炸總的能量相當于10萬年的太陽光的能量。他說：“換言之，這次在十分之一秒里釋放出的巨大能量，一千倍于整個銀河系所有星星能量的總合。”
The scientists who observed the flash say it came from an isolated neutron star in the constellation Sagittarius about 50,000 light years away, the distance it takes light to travel in 50,000 years. Astronomer Andrew Fruchter of the institute that operates the Hubble Space Telescope describes a neutron star as the spinning remnant of a massive star that has collapsed into a diameter of only 20 kilometers.
觀測到這次爆炸亮光的科學家說，亮光來自于人馬星座的一個孤立的中子星。有大約5萬光年之遠，這段距離光也要走上5萬年。來自操控哈伯太空望遠鏡機構的天文學家安德魯?福克爾說，中子星是巨星解體后塌陷到只有20公里直徑大小的旋轉殘骸。
"Massive stars live fast, die young, and leave spinning corpses. What we've seen is that their afterlives are even more interesting than we had thought," he said.
他說：“巨星活的快，死的早，留下的是旋轉殘骸。我們所看到的是它們死后的樣子。比我們的想像要更有意思。”
he neutron star that caused the giant cosmic blast is an exotic type called a magnetar. It is so named because it has an extremely powerful magnetic field, 1,000 times stronger than an ordinary neutron star and a 1,000-trillion times that of Earth's. It is capable of erasing the magnetic information on a credit card at a distance halfway to the Moon. Only about a dozen magnetars are known among the billions of stars in the Milky Way.
導致發生宇宙大爆炸的中子星是一種的奇特類型叫做磁星，之所以這樣命名是因為它有極強的磁場，比一個普通中子星的一千倍還強或者是地球的一千萬億倍。它的磁性可以在離月球一半的距離之外，把信用卡上的磁性掃光。在銀河系數十億顆恒星中只有十多個磁星被人們發現。
Astronomers believe the star's magnetic field caused the outburst, but do not understand how. One possibility is that the blast was like an ultra-powerful solar flare. This is where a magnetic field changes shape and bumps into itself. Since magnetic fields cause electrical currents, such a collision could have caused a monumental short circuit visible from Earth.
天文學家認為，這種星球的磁場導致了爆炸的發生，但是，他們不明白是如何發生的。一種可能的原因是這種爆炸很像有超級能量的太陽耀斑。這就是磁星的磁場改變了形狀然后向本身內部撞擊。因此磁場產生了電流，這樣的碰撞可以導致強烈的短路并且可在地球上看到。
Or a quake on the star's surface might have caused the massive eruption of energy.
一種理論是星球表面的地震導致了能源的突然釋放。
Whatever the cause, the blitz of radiation expanded outward in a bubble at about one-fourth the speed of light. This energy soon showered Earth's upper atmosphere, tearing apart atoms in a region called the ionosphere to a greater depth than an ordinary solar flare and causing them to glow. It was so powerful that it pushed the instruments of 15 spacecraft off scale, whether or not they were pointing in its direction. It also saturated a U.S. telescope watching in x-ray wavelengths.
不論是什么原因，猛烈的放射線象肥皂沫一樣以四分之一光速向外噴出。這個能量很快顯示到地球的外大氣層，將在電離層中的原子擊開，使它們發出比普通太陽耀斑使它們發的更亮的光。它的能量是如此巨大，使無論是否指著自己方向的15個航天器上的儀器偏離角度。這種射線也穿過了一個美國X光波望遠鏡。
Researcher Bryan Gaensler of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics says if the explosion had occurred much closer to our solar system, say just 10 light years away, it would have severely damaged the atmosphere and possibly triggered a mass extinction of living things.
哈佛史密森天文物理中心的研究員布萊恩?詹茲勒表示如果這次爆炸發生在離我們太陽系很近的距離，比如10光年遠的話，它就會嚴重破壞我們的大氣層，很有可能導致生命物種的大量滅亡。
"These objects do not normally get this big this quickly. We're used to planting an acorn in the ground and maybe waiting 50 years for it to turn slowly into an oak tree. This time, it was like we were standing in front of the acorn and it popped up into a full tree just in the space of a few weeks," he said. "This was so extreme that this may not happen again in our lifetimes."
“這些物體同常不會在這么快的時間里變得這么大。我們習慣了在地下種下一棵橡樹種子，等上50年看它慢慢長成一棵大橡樹。而這次我們就象站在種子面前，眼看只用了幾個星期的時間，種子就變成了大樹。這是非常不一般的，恐怕我們這輩子不會看到這種現像再發生了。”
The tremendous power of the event suggests a novel solution to a long-standing astronomical mystery. Scientists want to know the origins of the strange phenomenon of brief gamma ray bursts observed hundreds of times over recent decades. They say these short-duration flashes emit gamma rays in the same way the neutron star did in December and that such stars could explain a large number of the occurrences.
這次事件的巨大能量甚至可以認為是長期存在的天文學之迷的一種離奇解釋。科學家們想知道伽馬射線短暫爆發這種奇特現象的起源，在最近的幾十年里他們觀測到了幾百次這種現象。他們表示這些短暫的閃亮和12月的中子星釋放伽瑪射線的道理是一樣的。 這些恒星可以解釋以前發生的一些現象。
To get at this puzzle, the U.S. space agency launched a spacecraft named "Swift" last November with the most sensitive gamma ray detectors ever designed. David Palmer at the Los Alamos National Laboratory notes that, luckily, Swift saw this event after only one month on the job. "Sometimes being lucky is the best strategy," he said.
為了解開這個迷團，美國太空總署在去年11月發射了以"雨燕"命名并配備有到現在為止設計的最敏感的伽馬射線探測器的航天器。美國洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室的大衛?帕爾默說，很幸運"雨燕"僅僅在投入使用后一個月就觀測到了這一現象。他說："有時走運才是最佳策略"。
